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In practice, the integral terms in (16) must be approximated numerically using high order quadrature formula, that must be related to the order of approximation of the reconstruction operator (see [43] for more details).
Resilience values can be approximated numerically using Ref [33]'s algorithm, which is based on the Ref [34]'s viability kernel approximation algorithm.
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This two-filter approach combines a forward filter with a backward information filter which are approximated numerically using SMC for the regime sequence and Kalman filtering techniques for the hidden linear states.
Olkin & Liu (2003) show that X and Y have a bivariate beta distribution with density function (14) Where 0 < X < 1 and 0 < Y < 1. Moments E(X k Yl) cannot be written in closed form but can be approximated numerically or using sampling methods.
For EIF neurons, the linear filter must be approximated numerically, hence the semi-analytic nature of our model.
The limit in Equation 18 can be approximated numerically by setting θ to a very small, but positive value.
At the first stage of the optimization procedure, each microtubule is approximated numerically as a chain of straight, freely jointed segments of equal length and number.
We numerically solve the Poisson-Boltzmann equation to calculate the electrostatic contribution to the transfer free energy, while the non-polar contribution to the free energy is approximated using a linear solvent accessible surface area relationships.
Gamma distribution was approximated using 4 categories.
Some other solutions, obtained numerically, cannot be approximated by conventional asymptotic methods.
These equations can be solved numerically and the transition density can then be approximated by a Gaussian distribution with these two moments.
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