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The discrete accumulation of Eq. 2 can be approximated as integral as following: GP ( t ) = ∫ 1 n ( t ) ( P ( s, t ) ∗ l ( t ) ∗ s ) ds. (3).
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To avoid numerical integration, this integral can be approximated as P ̄ b e < P ¯ b e < 1 Π M γ − d 1 2 ∏ m = 1 M M γ r m 1 2 (19).
In terms of implementation, we work with a discretized form of (1) in which the integral is approximated as a Riemann sum over a finite collection of projections and is evaluated at the centers of image pixels.
The resulting integral equation together with the corresponding single-valued condition is approximated as a system of linear algebra equations, which can easily be solved.
The plate is approximated as a beam.
Two types of systems whose parallel entities can be approximated respectively as an integral and a first-order-plus-dead-time (FOPDT) model are examined.
The integral can be approximated using the Laplace approximation, see (31– 31).
Note that this functional form is a good approximation to the fitness function as long as expression levels are roughly log-normally distributed and as long as the integral of expression levels and fitness function can be approximated using the standard Laplace approximation, that is, expanding the logarithm of fitness to second order around its maximum.
The line integral can be approximated by (3).
The integral can be approximated with Gauss-Hermite quadratures.
The collision integral Ω can be approximated from tables relating it to kT/EAB.
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