While numerous solid acids have been applied for biodiesel synthesis [27, 32, 84], most materials exhibit micro- and/or mesoporosity which, as illustrated above, are not optimal for accommodating bulky C16 C18 TAGs of FFAs.
A two-step method was applied for biodiesel production, in which acid-catalyzed pretreatment (1 % H2SO4) was used as the first step to reduce the acid value and alkaline-catalyzed pretreatment (0.8 % KOH) was used for transesterification [ 18, 23].
In the following section, we present two H LF-NMR tools that can be applied for finding new alternative biodiesel feedstocks.
These results suggest that conditioned medium can be applied for efficient transformation and cost-effective cultivation of N. salina for biodiesel production.
A biorefinery concept was applied for the combined production of polyol, ethylene-glycol, omega-3 acid, biodiesel, methanol and heat and power from castor bean and microalgae.
A method for the fast extraction of glycerol from biodiesel with water followed by elimination of organic interferents has also been developed, so that the novel determination method can be applied to various biodiesel samples.
These methods can also be applied to find biodiesel samples that have residues of unreacted acylglycerol and/or methanol, and poorly separated and cleaned glycerol and water, provided a high quality biodiesel of the same source is used for comparison.
For example, no GHG emissions reduction credit should be applied to corn oil biodiesel when corn ethanol claims the credit for displacement of soy-based biodiesel by corn oil biodiesel.
The same could be applied to test the effect of biodiesels prepared from different feedstocks, meaning different FA profiles, and/or biodiesel-petrodiesel blends, and their differences in mobilities and packing.
Smith et al. [88] demonstrated that key principles of ecology can be applied to design pond-based microalgal cultivation systems for the production of biodiesel fuels.
