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The genes that are differentially expressed between cases and controls, males and females, or left and right kidneys, can be analysed using tests suitable for comparing two groups.
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Cumulative plots were analysed using Kolmogorov Smirnov test (K S test).
Group differences were analysed using nonparametric tests for continuous parameters (Mann–Whitney U test when comparing two groups and Kruskal Wallis analysis of variance when more than two groups were compared).
Significant differences were analysed using t tests.
The relationship between GOLPH3 protein expression and the clinicopathological features was analysed using χ tests.
Possible associations between the likelihood of recurrent/residual papilloma and patient age, lesion size and excised volume to papilloma volume ratio were analysed using Mann-Whitney U tests.
The correlation between MSP and COBRA results was analysed using χ-test and significant association with MSP was found at OPCML by COBRA (80.0% of tested samples, P=0.025).
Patterns in consumption of tethered algae, total fish biomass, coral cover and in the species composition of herbivorous fish and algae communities were analysed using PERMANOVA testing for differences between sites (3 levels, random factor) and habitats (3 levels, fixed factor).
Frequency distributions' were analysed using Chi-square test.
The significance of differences was analysed using Mann-Whitney test.
Categorical data were presented as numbers (percentages), and differences between groups were analysed using χ test.
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