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P-Rex is substantially activated by the lipid second messenger PtdIns 3,4,5 P3, which is generated by the activity of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), suggesting that PtdIns 3,4,5 P3 may be an upstream trigger for enhancing Rac activity.
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Although it is known that lysosome damage is an upstream trigger in initiating this pro-inflammatory response, the same organelle is also an important homeostatic regulator of activated NLRP3 inflammasome complexes, which are engulfed by autophagosomes and then destroyed in lysosomes after fusion.
"The biggest concern now would be an upstream dam," he added.
We had also observed that the permeabilization of the parasite digestive vacuole (DV) was an important upstream trigger of this pathway and that other lysosomotropic compounds that are not parasite-specific could similarly destabilize the DV to initiate parasite PCD.
Cao Y, Fang Y, Cai J, Li X, Xu F, Yuan N, et al ROS functions as an upstream trigger for autophagy to drive hematopoietic stem cell differentiation.
Rankl is an upstream regulator of Nfatc1.
Boeing is an upstream producer.
Becoming one's true self has always been an upstream battle.
VEGF is an upstream regulator of PI3K.
While the downstream signaling for each pathway appears to be autonomous, the upstream trigger controlling the induction of each of these signals is an early increase in intracellular ROS production, which drives ERK and JNK activation.
Thus STAND proteins appear to be both upstream triggers of the incompatibility reaction and downstream-induced factors, a characteristic they share with HET domain proteins.
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