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Country of birth may reflect ethnicity reasonably well among some ethnic groups [ 17], but is likely to be an unreliable proxy measure of ethnicity for other groups.
We also suspected that prescribing of antiviral drugs (e.g., oseltamivir) would be an unreliable proxy, as it was not indicated in those solely presenting with ILI and some prescribing of it may have been prophylactic.
Postcode might be an unreliable proxy for social class if a patient was still living with his family of origin in a postcode above his current 'fallen' social status, but previous studies in our clinics found it unusual for a patient to still live with family of origin.
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However, validity at face value is an unreliable proxy for true validity, and the outcome in practice may contradict what seems intuitively correct [ 48].
Another finding which encourages us to believe that our use of SMID is not an unreliable proxy is that the UK Food and Expenditure Survey shows that purchasing alcohol cheaply (less than £0.31/unit) is spread surprisingly evenly across all households irrespective of income, except for the highest 10% of households [ 14].
History can be an unreliable narrator.
But even that would be a unreliable process, stressed Hoagland.
Clinicians sometimes use glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) as a proxy measure of self-care, though it is an unreliable indicator of self-care [ 8].
"I am an unreliable narrator.
It's an unreliable narrator.
She is an unreliable narrator.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com