Sentence examples for be an instrumental variable from inspiring English sources

If, after first examining this hypothesis, the use or non-use of a performance-based payment system is found to affect the imposition of wage cuts statistically significantly, and if the error term, u it, in Eq. 27 is uncorrelated with PerformancePay it, this variable can potentially be an instrumental variable for WageCut it.

Ruling out reverse causality is difficult, because there is unlikely to be an instrumental variable that predicts the adoption (or level) of living wages and that also varies over time; given that the model includes city dummy variables, the variation over time is required.

It is also possible that birth rank may be an instrumental variable for infant growth, as well as or instead of birth weight, because infants with lower birth order often grow rapidly in the immediate post-natal period.

Thus, Z satisfied the conditions to be an instrumental variable, and the treatment effect can be estimated by where β Z-Y ) is the association between randomization and the outcome and β Z-Y ) is the association between randomization and the receipt outcomeintegrandd care.

It could be argued that the use of the UKCAT may be an "instrumental variable" in that it could represent a marker of a pro-widening participation attitude of a medical school, rather than be the main cause of an increase in candidates from a widening participation group being offered places.

In this manner, randomization is an instrumental variable that is exogenous by definition.

Another approach we will consider to account for potential confounding by indication is an instrumental variable analysis.

According to the directed acyclic graphs literature, temperature is an instrumental variable for the effect of microbial species richness on ulcerative colitis because i) temperature affects species richness [ 35], ii) temperature affects the development of ulcerative colitis only through species richness and iii) there are no common cause of both temperature and disease.

It would be valuable, if birth rank were used an instrumental variable for birth weight in a single sample including birth rank, birth weight and cardiovascular risk factors, however we are not aware of any such analysis.

Given this first-stage regression, the status of a performance-based payment system, based on the firm's past decision and assured to be exogenous, is employed as an instrumental variable (IV) for wage cuts in a layoff regression model to overcome simultaneous bias.

Thus, in this case the manner in which UKCAT was used would be acting as an instrumental variable.