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An asymptomatic precursor lesion of testicular germ cell tumours that is believed to be already present at birth.
In summary, these findings suggest that mutations can be already present at birth, predisposing to cancer if further hits occur.
Lower global levels of DNA methylation among healthy middle-aged African American women relative to European Americans have been reported [ 6], and some differences may be already present at birth [ 11].
Furthermore, it has also been demonstrated that intimal hyperplasia not only occurs after the grafting, as we usually know, but also could be already present at the time of operation in arterial conduits [ 1].
In animal studies a vascular regrowth after angioangiogenic therapy interruption has been reported to be already present at 2 days after withdrawal [ 7, 21] as well an enhanced distant metastatization [ 22].
The molecules that are targeted with these antibodies or fragments should ideally be highly prevalent in (breast) cancer, and expression should preferably be already present at the initial stage of tumorigenesis.
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Arthritis was of early-onset in 29 of 48 patients (60%) and was already present at presentation in 15 patients (31%).
Our study indicates that activation of this axis is already present at the precursor stage of BE.
Each block lasted 6 min, and the corresponding context was already present at the beginning of each block 9 s before CS presentation started.
More recently, O'Malley et al. (6) reported a reduction in both insulin sensitivity and β-cell function at increasing FPG in normoglycemic multiethnic obese youth, thus demonstrating that some deterioration of glucose homeostasis is already present at apparently normal FPG.
Five of them were already present at diagnosis and five only at relapse.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com