Furthermore, the analogous effect for auditory words in superior temporal regions suggests that this early encoding stage is affected by language proficiency in a similar manner as lexico-semantic processing.
These models include a word-recognition stage whose latency is affected by language properties such as word familiarity and word length, so they do make some use of context and word shape, but they cannot read at all when the letter information is knocked out.
An even more stringent test involves excluding from analysis the 11 parents who were affected by language impairment as indicated by direct testing.
We also restricted the sample to only native-language speakers (about 95% of our sample), as non-cognitive test based measure such as average time per test item or proportion of skipped items could be affected by the language of assessment.
The 12-item version has been validated in a variety of settings [ 24- 26] and the validity is unlikely to be affected by the language of the questionnaire [ 22].
As a point of comparison we review some interesting recent work which implicitly assumes a program must be written in C. We speculate on how reliability might be affected by changing the language, in particular if we were to use ANSI Common Lisp.
The data were also based on self-reports, which could be affected by differences in language and reporting styles between countries.
Furthermore, the children recruited are from 4 different countries, so that the results might be affected by cultural or language differences.
For first or second generation Americans whose recent ancestors originated from Africa, their household culture may be affected by their ethnicity through food, language, and stories - but for the larger part of the "African-American" population, African culture is not part of their homes.
Furthermore, provided that the physical-phonetic expression of phonological quantity would be dependent on a systematic coupling of both duration and pitch variation [35], the speakers of quantity languages should be affected by both of these cues when consciously evaluating the "length" of given speech sounds.
