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The complexity resides in the specification of a coherent and coordinated system of models, that includes the well-know sequence of generation, distribution, modal split and path choice, to which the departure time and terminal choices have to be added to simulate some of the crucial patterns of international freight transport.
Virtual structures can be added to simulate design modification.
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Gaussian noises are added to simulate the corresponding very short term forecasting profiles.
In addition, at each timestep, model noise is added to simulate the variance of the ensemble, forcing it to grow at each forecast iteration.
Several different gaps (1, 2, 4, and 8 μm) were added to simulate the different levels of tissue loss during sectioning.
Different concentration of bicarbonate ions was added to simulate the different level of carbonation and the initiation of pitting corrosion was measured by the open-circuit potential and the corrosion current density obtained from the EIS curves.
After discarding the first 5 trials and the last one of each sequence, the remaining 16 synthetic trials were added to simulate the response to one stimulation sequence.
In the case of muscle cells an auxiliary reaction was added to simulate the ATP demand of muscle activity (Table S1, ATP synthesis reaction).
Within each integration time, 16 time-separated spectra at different reference mirror positions were added to simulate an acquired spectrum.
Finally, 30 equally spaced data points were sampled from each time course, and a Gaussian error term with mean 0 and standard deviation 0.05 was added to simulate measurement errors.
An additional parameter was added to simulate a threshold such that five plasmids per cell yielded 100% survival; cells with four plasmids had an 80% chance of survival; the chance for cells with three plasmids was 60%; with two was 40%; with one was 20%; and with none was 0%.
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