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The hazardous effects of elevated catecholamine levels are mediated primarily by β1-ARs, contrary to β2-ARs stimulation, which may be adaptive in some cases [ 15].
The gene markers available in the present study are isoenzymes, which have been argued to be adaptive in some contexts and selectively neutral in others.
It is also possible that loss of gene function could be adaptive in some cases [ 44], such as for certain chemoreceptors in specific environments.
The "less-is-more" hypothesis suggests that gene loss can be adaptive in some cases, although it is intuitive to consider gene loss as neutral or non-adaptive, and to associate adaptation with the gain of new genes [ 29].
GstD1, which encodes a GST that has metabolic activity toward DDT in vitro and has a radical amino acid substitution that seems to be adaptive in some Drosophila species (Tang and Tu 1994; Low et al. 2007), is highly expressed throughout the midgut.
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Under this view, the prevalence of PMS might result from genes and behaviours that are adaptive in some societies, but are potentially less appropriate in modern cultures.
Chloroplast genomes of green algae (charophyte and chlorophyte algae) also contain more variations of gene order and some are highly rearranged [ 8], with some evidence that rearrangements may be adaptive in nature [ 37].
Some effort has gone into understanding how epimutation could be adaptive in environments that fluctuate temporally.
We must be adaptive in our approaches and flexible in how we respond, including anticipating and leveraging the efforts of bystanders.
"The shift to being sedentary seems to be adaptive in urban habitats," the authors say.
These agents and systems can be adaptive in nature and can also evolve.
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