The analogy is meant to suggest that in biology we often cannot distinguish arches from spandrels in that we often cannot distinguish what was selected-for, because it was adaptive, from what is merely selected, but not selected-for, as a spandrel/free-rider.
Primate trichromacy is hypothesized to be adaptive for detecting anything differing from the background foliage in red-green coloration, the proposed major objects being mature fruits, young leaves, pelage and skin [ 68- 79].
One used model-reference adaptive control (MRAC) to investigate the dynamics of de novo sphingolipid synthesis by Hek cells stably transfected with serine palmitoyltransferase, and the MRAC simulations produced results that were comparable to simulations from a standard model using mass action kinetics, and suggested that there might be adaptive feedback from increased metabolite levels.
Such behavioural plasticity may be adaptive, preventing fighters from performing costly behaviours under unfavourable conditions: high density would normally be correlated with large population size where fighter tactic is disfavoured, as shown in this study.
Thus, we asked whether our discovered "functional" RNMs associate with known diseases from the one hand or were reported to be adaptive to certain environments from the other.
Among adolescent mice, increased novelty seeking and risk-taking behaviors (Laviola & Terranova 1998) may be adaptive as they disperse from their natal home range (Byrom & Krebs 1999; Koopman et al. 2000; Nelson & Mech 1984).
The combination of inter- and intra- individual variation in escape behaviour may therefore be adaptive in creating unpredictability from a predator perspective despite limits to behavioural variation imposed by proximate, mechanical constraints on performance.
As mentioned earlier, the size q of a sub-matrix should be adaptive, since channel condition varies from symbol to symbol.
This "dispersal phenotype" induced by low larval food, may be adaptive because it allows escape from low food conditions in the adult stage.
