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The origin of these tightly packed groups of cells is partially unknown, but it has been suggested that these serve as a major hematopoietic compartment in the larva that can be activated upon an immune challenge (Márkus et al., 2009).
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Many of the plant's defence reactions are activated upon an insect attack, and the underlying regulatory mechanisms are not entirely understood yet, in particular in conifer trees.
AMPK is a heterodymeric enzyme that functions as an intracellular "fuel gauge" that monitors changes in energy status, and it is activated upon an increase in AMP/ATP ratio essentially reducing anabolic pathways such as lipogenesis [ 55].
In Drosophila, the NF-κB transcription factors Relish and DIF (dorsal-related immunity factor) are activated upon an immune challenge downstream of the immune deficiency (IMD) and Toll pathways, respectively.
RNase is activated upon a subsequent conformational rearrangement of Ire1 governed by the chemical properties of bound cofactors.
The choice of which layer of immunity is activated upon a particular interaction with non-host pathogen seems to be case specific [ 55- 57].
It is therefore plausible to envision that when p53 is activated upon a genotoxic stimulus, such as γ-rays, MDM2 may not preside to its degradation and be re-directed towards HIF1 α, whose degradation would hence be fostered.
Due to the extended N-atom region, multiple spin-switching events can be activated upon application of an external magnetic field and as a function of the electron filling.
By contrast, DCL4 which is reported to be the first DCL gene to be activated upon dsRNA presence [ 28], exhibited an approximately 2-fold increase under HL in all the genetic backgrounds and silencing states tested.
All hydrolytic enzymes can only be activated upon binding of the correct substrate to prevent hydrolysis of related molecules23.
These genes may therefore be ready to be activated upon differentiation.
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