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This finding is compatible with the previous description of an apoptosome-dependent loop where downstream caspases need to be activated to trigger mitochondrial release of AIF and EndoG, secondary to the release of cytochrome c, Omi/HtrA2 and Smac/DIABLO [37].
When oxidative stress is elevated, NF-E2-related factor 2 (NRF2) will be activated to trigger gene expression through binding to ARE[ 10].
For example, an AKT-independent module controlled by protein kinase C (PKC) can be activated to trigger a direct signaling route to the PI3K and mTOR pathways [ 10].
Importantly, besides Bax also Bak needs to be activated to trigger mitochondrial cell death [ 11] and Mcl-1 has been described to antagonize Bak at the mitochondrial membrane [ 29].
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The avian sarcoma and leukosis virus (ASLV) envelope glycoprotein (Env) is activated to trigger fusion by a two-step mechanism involving receptor-priming and low pH fusion activation.
Only then, a tightly regulated cascade is activated to trigger the cleavage of Mcd1/Scc1 (a cohesin subunit, hereafter referred to as Scc1 for simplicity), enabling the separation of sister chromosomes to opposite poles of the nucleus.
Under hypoxic stress, p53 is activated to trigger cellular apoptosis as a protective response, but this may not be appropriate for mammals with only intermittent assess to oxygen.
The pDCs can be activated to IFNα production via triggering of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 or TLR9, which sense single-stranded RNA and CpG-containing DNA, respectively (reviewed in [ 20]).
In the presence of galactose, the SWI5 gene is activated to subsequently trigger expression in the rest of the network.
For effective and sustained T cell activation, the co-receptors of T cells must be activated and triggered by structures on the APC (Friedl and Gunzer 2001).
Autotriggered breaths in NAVA may be explained by the pneumatic triggering, which can be activated, besides neural triggering, on a first-come, first-served principle.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com