It has been suggested that these cells inside the vascular niche, which are considered a natural reservoir of MSCs/pericyte lineage, are activated to migrate and differentiate toward myofibroblasts, under the influence of ECs [ 15, 18].
Different from serum, plasma contains fibrinogen and other clotting factors, which can be activated to form a provisional fibrin scaffold for cells to adhere, migrate and proliferate [ 21].
Using pulse-chase 5-bromodeoxyuridine-labeling assay, Gonzalez and colleagues revealed that the senescent heart contained functionally competent cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) with longer telomeres, and these stem cell-like CPCs can be activated and migrate to the damaged regions to generate a population of young cardiomyocytes and partly reverse the aging myopathy [ 37].
Upon infection or vaccination, precursor cells (B cell, T cell and dendritic cells) in inductive sites can be activated, and then migrate and populate the local or remote mucosa sites through the common mucosal immune system to realize the systemic immune protection.
The infiltrating cell populations are activated macrophages migrating centrally to the palisade, and a diffuse infiltrate of T cells that tend to cluster outside the palisade.
SsAgs also have the ability to augment antigen-specific TH1 responses by stimulating antigen-presenting cells, which might contribute to AD chronification [ 2], and can contribute to AD pathogenesis by increasing the frequency of memory T cells that are able to migrate to and be activated within AD lesions, where they directly contact epidermal KCs [ 38].
Other regions of the lateral ventricles contain dormant stem cells, which can be activated following brain injury to produce new cells that migrate to the injury site.
When STAT3 is activated, it migrates into the nucleus and upregulates Bcl-2 mRNAs and downregulates mitochondrial mRNAs via direct or indirect mechanisms.
