Exact(4)
To date, mounting evidence demonstrates that CAR can be activated through both classical ligand binding and ligand-independent mechanisms, with indirect activation appearing to be predominant.
Although NF-κB can be activated through both classical and alternative signaling pathways, previous studies have indicated that IL-1 and LPS activate NF-κB through the classical signaling pathway [46].
Osmotic stress-regulated genes can be activated through both ABA-dependent and ABA-independent pathways [ 45].
These data implied that VEGF-A expression was finely regulated in a spatiotemporal manner, and that VEGFR2 signalling in the pregnant uterus could be activated through both ligand-dependent and ligand-independent manners.
Similar(56)
Next, we measured the activity and cleavage formation of caspase-3, an executor caspase that is activated through both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathways [ 18], using PA-1 cells.
Studies indicated that c-MET in cancer is activated through both ligand-dependent autocrine or paracrine mechanisms and ligand-independent mechanisms including gene amplification, gene translocation, activating mutations, or transcriptional upregulation of the c-MET protein [25, 26].
Caspase-3, the primary death effector, serves as a key target for monitoring apoptosis, for it is activated through both cell surface death receptor and mitochondrial release of cytochrome c [ 36].
As Elliott describes, much of this power is manifested through the physical realm and can be activated through intense physical activity.
Furthermore, MAPKs can also be activated through the upstream activation of HER2/neu or RAS.
In vitro studies provide evidence that PEA3 can be activated through phosphorylation by MAPK pathway, both through the extracellular signal-related kinase and the c-Jun N-terminal kinase stress-activated protein kinase (Wasylyk et al, 1997).
Although both JNK and p38 cascades can be activated through similar stimuli, each cascade elicits distinct downstream responses [42 46].
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