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In the first case (threshold Cbl activation model, Figure 5A), the enzymatic activity of Cbl could be activated in a nonlinear fashion.
Also, caspase-8 can be activated in a retrograde fashion by active caspase-3/7 [ 21, 22].
The V108E mutant only affects TRAIL-induced activation of these pathways, which are known to be activated in a FADD-dependent manner [29].
By contrast, both ALKM1166R and ALKF1174I appeared to be activated in a ligand-independent manner and led to robust activation of downstream targets, such as ERK and STAT3, in a manner similar to the ALKF1174S mutation.
In glioblastoma, NF-κB could thus be activated in a similar way, in addition to constitutive NF-κB activity reported from various glioma cell lines and primary cultures from tumor tissue [44].
Phosphorylation on Ser118 by ERK1/2 increases the transcriptional activation function, thus providing a means by which ERα can be activated in a ligand-independent manner through growth factor receptor signalling.
Together, these studies raise the possibility that STATs can be activated in a ligand-independent manner during cellular stress, resulting in the activation of STAT-dependent target genes.
Different from traditional friction dampers, the MFD has two-stage slip forces that can be activated in a moderate and a strong seismic level, respectively.
I've specified dried yeast, which needs to be "activated" in a warm liquid before use, rather than the "easy-blend" or quick yeast that you simply stir into the flour.
This can be activated in a number of ways, such as looking to the right or left, and thinking about the line can prime people to think of higher or lower numbers.
Dehaene's studies (with Laurent Cohen and others) have shown how the visual word form area can be activated in a fraction of a second by a single written word, and how this initial, purely visual activation then spreads to other areas of the brain — especially the temporal lobes and the frontal lobes.
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