Sentence examples for be activated directly by from inspiring English sources

On the other hand, the p42/44 kinase activity could also be activated directly by TGF-β via the Smad3 signaling pathway, as previously proposed by Sowa and colleagues [ 42], a situation that overules Grb2-Shc signaling.

Thus, the pathways shown could be activated directly by ligand-independent activity of cytoplasmic mutant TNFR1 and/or indirectly by exogenous proinflammatory cytokines (TNF, IL-6, IL-1).

Caspase-3 can either be activated directly by caspase-8 (upon caspase-8 activation through death receptors) or by a signalling complex referred to as 'apoptosome', consisting of cytochrome c, Apaf-1, caspase-9 (Li et al, 1997) and, at least sometimes, the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP; Bratton et al, 2001).

However, mTOR can be activated directly by amino acids, causing a subsequent stimulation of p70S6K activity [ 12, 13].

cAMP is synthesized by adenylate cyclases, which may be activated directly by stress.

Ladle slag with higher alumina could not be activated directly by carbon dioxide to gain strength.

Constantinople, C.M. & Bruno, R.M. Deep cortical layers are activated directly by thalamus.

Recently, Loukin et al. (2010) [20] showed that TRPV4 is activated directly by stretch force in excised membrane patches.

One, which is activated directly by nor-epinephrine [21] and one, which is activated, indirectly, by high potassium through the release of other soluble factors [13].

However, feedback regulatory mechanisms (positive and negative) are activated directly by P-Smads over time and alter not only the levels of P-Smads, but also their transcriptional activity.

In contrast, B-Raf is activated directly by Ras binding.