To determine whether the different CRT promoters may be activated by external cues we grew three independent AtCRT1a, CRT1b, and CRT3 GUS lines on plates for three days in light.
A key argument supporting a role for ROS is that, in normoxia, HIF can be activated by external agents that generate ROS or oxidant stress, but have no predicted effect on cellular O2 levels [ 7].
The pump, which has adenosine-triphosphatase (ATPase) activity, traverses the cell membrane and is activated by external [K+] and internal [Na+].
Transcription factors interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and nuclear factor κB (NFκB) are activated by external stimuli, including virus infection, to translocate to the nucleus and bind genomic targets important for immunity and inflammation.
Thus, both resting and tilorone-activated NK cells were insensitive to primary target cells with a down-regulation of surface MHC class I by 42 59%, providing strong evidence that a reduction in MHC class I expression of this magnitude is not enough to break NK tolerance to self, even if NK cells are activated by external stimulation.
Physiologically, the insulin signaling pathway is activated by external stimulus to enhance insulin secretion.
Our microarray studies showed that transcription of rainbow trout transposons is activated by external stimuli, such as toxicity, stress and bacterial antigens.
Microarray studies showed that transcription of rainbow trout transposons is activated by external stimuli, such as toxicity, stress and bacterial antigens [ 38].
Neurons in the LHA also express GHSR, and LHA orexin-producing neurons are activated by external food-related cues as well as by direct LHA ghrelin administration (Olszewski et al., 2003; Petrovich et al., 2012).
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11190.005 Like the vHP, the LHA is another brain region that expresses GHSR, and activation of these receptors increases feeding (Mani et al., 2014; Olszewski et al., 2003), Moreover, orexin-producing neurons in the LHA are activated by external food-related cues and by LHA administration of ghrelin (Olszewski et al., 2003; Petrovich et al., 2012).
mRNA transcription in these viruses is activated by external actions, for example, removal of their outer shell in multi-shelled reoviruses (Shatkin and Sipe, 1968; Borsa et al., 1981; Farsetta et al., 2000) and binding of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) in the single-shelled cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (CPV) (Furuichi, 1974, 1978).
