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PKA can be activated by cell permeable analogs of cAMP, by the adenylyl cyclase activator, forskolin, by prostaglandins and other G-protein coupled receptor agonists and by toxins [10].
Ano1 functions as a Ca2+-activated Cl- channel in a broad range of tissues, and it can be activated by cell swelling [ 22].
Therefore, FOXO3a is likely to be activated by cell detachment.
These channels are known to be activated by cell swelling, ischemia and hypoxia and by various stimuli acting on GPCRs.
It is clear that contact factors can be activated by cell wall components found on both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
TRPV4 can be activated by cell swelling-induced mechanical stimulation and metabolites of AA that are always associated with cerebral ischemia.
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This design forms the basis for a new class of cytotoxic proteins that can be activated by cell-specific effector molecules, and can thus target particular cell types for destruction.
FLSs can also be activated by cell-cell interactions and microparticles (MPs).
29 It is important to note that the H4R has a very high affinity for histamine, especially compared with the histamine H1 and H2 receptors, and therefore it may be activated by cells that release even low levels of histamine.
This result suggests that NF κB, which is activated by cell detachment, is the primary activator that drives MnSOD expression in suspended cells.
Moreover, since mitochondrial biogenesis is activated by cell survival pathways, it is a pro-survival event in sepsis.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com