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The C. neoformans enzyme, Can2, showed much lower propensity to be activated by all these amino acids and amines, which had activation constants in the range of 28.7 47.2 μM.
EphA4 signaling can be activated by all ephrin ligands, including the five GPI-linked ephrin-As and the three transmembrane ephrin-Bs.
RARα can be activated by all- trans RA (atRA) and 9- cis RA (9cRA), while RXR activation is restricted to 9cRA only.
Although CHOP can be activated by all three ER stress sensors, it is most strongly induced by phosphyorylation of PERK [ 53].
The Gal83 isoform of the Snf1 complex can be activated by all three upstream kinases, but there is a clear preference for Sak1 over the other two kinases and deletion of Sak1 also leads to cytoplasmic retention of Gal83 upon glucose depletion (Hedbacker et al., 2004a, b 2004a).
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PKN1 kinase activity was activated by all lipids tested, except IP3 (D-myo-inositol-1,3,5-triphosphate) and DAG (1,2-dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol), while PKN2 was only activated by PIP2 and arachidonic acid.
In other words, both proteins are highly non-specific; the receptor is activated by all present signals and relays this activity to the effectors, and the intermediary protein inhibits both the receptor and the effectors (see Figure 1).
Common downstream pathways that are activated by all these receptors comprise the NF-κB and the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signalling cascades.
This theory in its simplest form entails the belief that the same afferent nerve fibres are activated by all of these various stimuli; pain is felt merely when they are conducting far more impulses than usual.
Superior temporal, inferior frontal and amygdala were activated by all contrasts.
Prophages were activated by all cell wall biosynthesis inhibitors tested, although the levels of induction were lower than those obtained after activation of the SOS response.
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