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The PI(3 K/Akt/mTOR pathway seems to operate in mice expressing a dominant negative IGF-1 receptor in muscle (Spangenburg et al., 2008), suggesting that overload hypertrophy is at least not solely dependent on activation of the IGF-1 receptor, and that the pathway can be activated also by other signals.
Moreover, HIF-1α expression seems to depend on mTOR signaling control [6] and mTOR seems to be activated also by BMP in murine CNS precursor cells cultured at high density [7].
It has been demonstrated that CREB can be activated also by other signal transduction pathways and results from the CRE-SEAP reporter gene assay can differ when compared with other second messenger assays [32], [37].
Furthermore, mTOR signaling pathway seems to be activated also by BMP in murine CNS precursor cells cultured at high density [7]; one of the possible effects mediated by mTOR activation is serine phosphorylation of Stat3, which finally leads to generation of glia [8].
Rap1, however, could be activated also by other GEFs, such as C3G, PDZ-GEFs, and CalDAGs [ 59, 82, 83].
This region is usually implicated in motion analysis [ 31], but can be activated also by both covert and overt shifts of attention [ 1].
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In addition, Lactobacillus casei l-LDH requires some divalent metal ions (e.g., Mn2+) (Arai et al. [2011]), and the Thermus caldophilus enzyme is activated also by citrate under slightly acidic conditions (Taguchi et al. [1984]).
The TRPV1 receptor is activated also by the products of inflammation.
This is thought that even if the precentral gyrus and prefrontal cortex were activated also by SHAM, ACUP acted on the brain stronger than SHAM.
Fourteen first degree nodes predicted to be activated by TNFα were also upregulated by NKX3.1 (Supplementary Table 4).
IRF3 and IRF7 can also be activated by kinases which are regulated by MyD88/TRAF6 [ 8].
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