Satisfactory analytical performance was achieved with limits of detection (LOD) between 0.19 and 0.71 ng L−1 and limits of quantification (LOQ) between 0.65 and 2.38 ng L−1.
Under the optimized conditions, a linear calibration plot in the range of 1.0 50.0 µmol L−1 was achieved with limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of 0.34, 1.2 µmol L−1 CN−, respectively.
Finally, ultrasensitive and specific detection for individual 350 and 030 was achieved with limits of detection of ∼1 (58.8 fM) and 10 pg/mL (453 fM), respectively.
By using 78 s preconcentration time, fast and highly sensitive determination of Cd II) ions could be achieved with a limit of quantification of 0.20 μg L−1, preconcentration factor of 26, consumption index of 0.5 mL, concentration efficiency of 20 min−1, and sample throughput of 39 h−1.
The sensitive and selective detection toward proteins could be achieved with the detection limits toward Anti-Dig antibody and thrombin of about 1 ng/mL and 10 pM, respectively.
On the other hand, if the reactant constituting the first azeotrope is taken in excess, 100%% conversion can be achieved with respect to the limiting reactant.
Alternatively, one of the reactants can be taken in excess, and high conversions can be achieved with respect to the limiting reactant.
A novel analysis, as far as we are aware, of the elastic properties of the molecular setup, based on high-bandwidth measurements of force fluctuations along the folded branch, reveals that the highest SNR that can be achieved with short handles is potentially limited by the marked reduction of the effective persistence length and stretch modulus of the short linker complex.
It is known that the precision that can be achieved with reference gene normalization is limited by the variability present in the reference genes [ 27].
Our simulations showed that linkage disequilibrium estimates of Ne up to 10,000 with finite confidence limits can be achieved with sample sizes of approximately 5000.
