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Because of this, BPA has been considered to be a weak estrogen.
Trans-tamoxifen is generally considered an anti-estrogen, whereas cis-tamoxifen is considered to be a weak estrogen.
BPA has been considered to be a weak estrogen because of its low potency compared with estradiol in assays involving nuclear receptors (Blair et al. 2001; Thomas and Dong 2006).
BPA-catechol is considered to be a weak estrogen (Nakagawa and Suzuki 2001), suggesting that further investigation of the phase 1 metabolism of BPA in humans and the estrogenic potency of all metabolites is merited (Ye et al. 2011).
Animal studies have highlighted the estrogenic effects of BPA (vom Saal et al. 2007), although BPA is considered by some to be a weak estrogen due to its low potency compared with estradiol in reporter gene assays involving nuclear receptors (Blair et al. 2000).
Thus, even if initially considered to be a "weak" estrogen or androgen based on a low affinity for binding to ERα or AR or to activate their transcriptional activity, BPA stimulates extranuclear physiological responses and modulates the epigenetic regulation at low concentrations being equipotent with E2.
Similar(54)
Soy also is a weak estrogen.
However, dieldrin is a weak estrogen, with 10−6 the potency of estradiol making it likely that dieldrin acts via additional mechanisms [24].
Since genistein is a weak estrogen, higher doses were needed to achieve protection.
29 Use of estriol in antiaging medicine is based on the fact that it is a weak estrogen and potentially safer in terms of breast cancer.
BPA is most commonly described as being a "weak" estrogen; however, an emerging number of cellular and molecular studies show that it has potential for many other biological activities at environmentally relevant exposures.
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