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This has been proved to be a valid index of experimental, clinical and chronic pain [ 7].
In several large adult cohort studies, AVR has been shown to be a valid index for an increased risk of hypertension, stroke and higher cardiovascular mortality [ 41, 42].
Vagal tone is assessed by the root mean square of successive differences in these interbeat intervals (RMSSD), that has previously been proven to be a valid index of vagal tone.
This measure has been shown to be a valid index of self-reported pain with seniors who have mild to moderate dementia in that scores increase from baseline to painful situations [ 47]. (9) Gait speed (6 metre walk test).
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The shear modulus is a measure of the ability of a material to resist transverse deformations and is a valid index of elastic behaviour only for small deformations, after which the material is able to return to its original configuration.
This peripheral cholinergic sign was tightly correlated with in vitro anti-acetylcholinesterase activity by cholinesterase inhibitors, suggesting that fasciculation is a valid index of peripheral cholinergic activation.
This consistency between variations of the PDR and orienting response's properties indicates that the PDR is a valid index of the auditory orienting response.
These robust intercorrelations suggest that hormonal concentrations used as continuous regressors for BOLD signal are a valid index of pubertal development.
It has been found to be a valid and reliable index among children in Thailand [ 5] and in France [ 9].
The OF may induce more anxiety than the other two tests if defecation is considered a valid index of emotionality in the OF test [ 95]; however, others have questioned the validity of OF defecation as index of emotionality of rats [ 96, 97].
This study also shows that the PBT Index could be a valid tool to evaluate appropriate and safer substitutes, a priori from the chemical design, in a benign by design approach, avoiding unnecessary synthesis and tests.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com