Suggestions(5)
Exact(5)
"It could be a true effect, but it also could be a reporting bias," he said.
In both cell lines genes were altered in a time- and concentration-dependent manner and such expression changes are likely to be a true effect of BaP exposure.
This may be a true effect or may be due to inadequate control for smoking using the binary data available – smoker/non-smoker.
This finding needs corroboration by further studies, but the a priori defined subgroup, confirmation with formal testing for interaction, statistical significance and lack of multiple subgroup testing [ 38] in our study suggest that this may be a true effect.
Thus, the positive relationship between host geographic range and parasite richness could either be a true effect of island biogeography, a sampling bias inadequately controlled for or, most probably, the sum of both.
Similar(54)
But whether the change is a true effect of the transfer or a placebo effect of undergoing treatment is not known.
If this is a true effect, the explanation for it is unclear.
The principal question is whether this apparent reduction is a true effect or artefact.
There is some evidence in the summary statistics from the database which suggests the effect is a true effect.
Finally, it is possible that there is a true effect of video decision aids on patients' preferences for CPR.
It is unclear whether this is a true effect of treatment or due to imbalances between groups.
More suggestions(15)
be a biological effect
be a small effect
be a confounding effect
be a detrimental effect
be a specific effect
be a residual effect
be a combined effect
be a random effect
be a differential effect
be a strong effect
be a compensatory effect
be a minor effect
be a synergistic effect
be a cohort effect
be a downstream effect
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com