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This latent variable might be a surrogate variable for socio-economic factors.
PZQ treatment may therefore be a surrogate variable for the behavior of consuming raw freshwater fish and by extension, when not used prophylactically, for infestation with the liver fluke O. viverrini.
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Therefore, the inequality of size increment may be more strongly related to annual variation in stand-level growth rate, which can be considered a surrogate variable accounting for the transient environmental factors affecting a stand.
While one might suspect that these negative outcomes may, therefore, be caused by effects of respiratory alkalosis, such as myocardial depression, cerebral vasoconstriction and a left shift in the hemoglobin dissociation curve, it is most likely that the low arterial PCO2 is simply a surrogate variable for overzealous positive pressure ventilation [ 37- 39].
Although age is one of the significant predictors for increased mortality, it may actually be a surrogate measure for other variables, especially since frailty or reduced functional capacity rather than chronological age predict postoperative mortality after surgery overall [3 5].
Even though KLK6 may not be a strong independent prognostic indicator for ovarian cancer, it appears to be a surrogate marker for other clinicopathological variables such as tumour stage, grade, histotype and debulking success.
Perchlorate (as with any of the significant predictor variables) could be a surrogate for another unrecognized determinant of thyroid function.
The hypothesis that early migration could be used as a surrogate variable for clinically relevant loosening was confirmed.
Each outgoing item is inspected with a surrogate variable which is correlated with the quality characteristics of the products, and each item failing to meet the specification limits is scrapped.
2 Presence of cardiac, 3 4 renal 5 6 and vascular 7 10 TOD is considered as a surrogate variable and is associated with increased CV risk.
In other words, Z can be viewed as a surrogate variable for X.
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