They convinced themselves this was the causal story even though it's so obvious in retrospect that it's a spurious effect".
However, for values of μ above μ c this is a spurious effect that is not accompanied by true fixation.
It cannot be determined yet whether the association of these short fibers with lung cancer is a spurious effect due to correlations among fiber-size categories or evidence that short fibers do play a specific role in carcinogenesis.
In the automated backward stepwise model, multicollinearity was a problem, thus, the protective effect may be a spurious result because of its strong positive association with spreading manure in the winter.
This particular effect appears to be a spurious result, as it did not occur earlier nor was it maintained thereafter, and it does not fit in with other results described in this paper.
Hence, if the PIN-specific attenuation is not a spurious effect, an explanation that remains is that it is due to differences in cognitive strategies in the preparation of incompletely specified imagined and executed movements.
Models including island age, but excluding island area, had a sum of WAIC values equal to 0, indicating that the inclusion of island age in the best competing model was likely a spurious effect of the inverse correlation between island area and island age (i.e., most small islands are also land-bridge islands, and are therefore young).
This indicates that significant values for B* are not a spurious effect of genetic drift on high LD portions of the genome.
Statistical analyses highlighted that the maternally inherited allele at the IGF2 locus had a significant effect but simulation studies showed that this is probably a spurious effect due to the segregation of the second QTL.
We did not see the clustering of blood THM concentrations that we observed in our previous study (Backer et al. 2000), suggesting that the earlier results were likely a spurious effect attributed to a small (n = 10) sample size.
