This is consistent with increased resistance to neutralization by human polyclonal sera, raising the possibility that changed tropism may be a secondary effect of altered immune interactions.
cDownregulation was observed in the IDEF1 induction lines, but upregulation was not observed in the IDEF1 knockdown lines, suggesting that negative regulation by IDEF1 may be a secondary effect (Kobayashi et al. [2009]).
The hyperchitinase activity might be attributed to chitin synthesis inhibitor or may be a secondary effect for the reduced activity of β-ecdysone metabolizing enzymes followed by β-ecdysone accumulation [42, 43].
Conceivably, microvillus inclusions might not add much to the pathophysiology but could rather be a secondary effect [25] of overall disrupted epithelial polarity, since similar structures known as 'vacuolar apical compartments (VACs)' also occur in epithelial cancers, or following experimental disruption of the cytoskeleton or of intercellular contacts [26 30].
We also found that liver toxicity could be a secondary effect of primary hematological toxicities caused by these compounds.
Conversely, it may be a secondary effect of potentially increased neuronal activity that may accompany fast learning abilities.
Its increased expression in AE epidermis may play a role in developing the disease, or it may be a secondary effect of the inflammatory condition of the skin.
It is possible that defective centromere chromatin structures observed in mcl1 and swi7 mutants might be a secondary effect of an unstable DNA replication fork.
Still, the in vivo effect on beta cell function could be a secondary effect of increased insulin sensitivity which our experiments did not investigate.
It should be noted, however, that ORIs are enriched in the neighborhood of TSSs [28], and that colocalization of some ORIs with scaffold attachment regions may be a secondary effect of the association of SARs with TSSs.
These changes can either be a secondary effect of a changed metabolic milieu, a direct consequence of reduced insulin signaling, or be part of the primary cause of the disease.
