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Eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 δ (TEF1 δ) is a newly discovered protein (Joseph et al, 2002) that has been shown to be a protooncogene causing tumourigenetic growth in nickel-treated human bronchial epithelial cells (Lei et al, 2006).
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These and other findings support the concept that TLR4 may be a protooncogene responsible for the transformation of progenitor cells into HCC in ALD as well as HCV infection.
c-fos, in turn, is a protooncogene and know to have an estrogen response element that binds the estrogen receptor [ 47, 48] and that may be a key factor in relating estrogenic stimuli to methylation changes [ 5].
ERBB2 is a protooncogene, with the potential of being converted into an oncogene and inducing cancer.
Interestingly, Tsc1/2 and Flcn are tumor suppressors, whereas Tfe3 is a protooncogene.
Ras is a protooncogene that encodes a key regulator of mitogenic signals.
PIM1 is a protooncogene which encodes a serine/threonine kinase [ 55].
The c-MYC gene is a protooncogene, located on chromosome 8q24.
Bcl-2 is a protooncogene that codes for an internal mitochondrial protein, Bcl-2, an inhibitor of apoptosis [ 7, 8].
Considering this number of integration sites, it is very likely that Gpr110 is a protooncogene in the mouse [ 15].
SRC, the cellular homolog of the Rous sarcoma virus v-src, is a protooncogene and may play a role in cell growth in addition to embryonic development.
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