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Protein SUMOylation is dramatically upregulated by cell stress and this has been proposed to be a protective cellular response (Datwyler et al, 2011; Lee et al, 2011; Renner et al, 2011).
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Metabolism/detoxification of xenobiotics is a protective cellular response to prevent damage to macromolecules upon exposure to both exogenous and an excess of endogenous stressors [such as reactive oxygen species (ROS)].
Cell cycle arrest is a protective cellular response understood to block cell cycle progression and to permit DNA damage repair [ 29].
However, in recent years many studies have suggested that Lewy body formation is a protective cellular mechanism to sequester toxic αsyn aggregates and even aid their degradation by an aggresome-like mechanism [ 62- 65].
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a protective cellular signaling response that is activated in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and the hepatic UPR is activated by insulin resistance, obesity, and fatty liver (Cnop et al. 2012; Eizirik et al. 2008; Ji and Kaplowitz 2006; Brenner et al. 2013).
Although this metalloprotein is considered a protective cellular mechanism against Cd, its increase might, in turn, affect the passage of zinc into the fetus (Kippler et al. 2010; Tekin et al. 2011a).
Hence, enhanced MMR in early replicating regions might be a protective mechanism to prevent damage of essential cellular mechanisms.
Despite these findings, the main question of whether UPR activation is a protective photoreceptor cellular stress response or a factor contributing to retinal pathogenesis in the degenerating retina remains open to debate.
Thus, our data demonstrate that enhanced degradation and decreased availability of SENP3 during OGD is part of a protective cellular response.
Our results suggest that P. duboscqi salivary protein that may be able to produce a protective cellular immune response should be able to induce the same immune response in hosts from distant geographical locations in the Sub-Saharan Africa where P. duboscqi is present.
In such cases, triglyceride accumulation promoted by the presence of unsaturated fatty acids is a protective mechanism against cellular toxicity.
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