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The data suggest that augmented hepatic insulin action may be a primary effect of GSL inhibition in the DIO mouse.
When the rate of extrinsic mortality increases, there will be a primary effect of this on total mortality rates and life expectancies, but also a secondary effect, whereby h* is reduced, and so people perform less health behavior, and so total mortality rates go up further.
The authors suggest that reduced cellular senescence might be a primary effect of caloric restriction.
We propose that reduction of cell senescence might be a primary effect of DR which may explain improved mitochondrial function and reduced ROS production.
However, inhibition of ATP hydrolysis in SMPs by proguanil was confirmed to be a primary effect on ATPase by testing the isolated intact enzyme; indeed, the observed IC50 value of 0.67±0.1 μM for isolated ATPase is lower than for SMPs (6.8±0.7 μM).
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In contrast, in the TG9 mouse heart failure is a primary effect of a cardiac-specific transgene.
In those experiments, however, it was not clear whether inhibited angiogenesis was a primary effect of radiation or was a consequence of reduced tumor growth.
Nevertheless, de-differentiation seemed to occur more slowly than induction of proliferation, suggesting that cell cycle entry is a primary effect, whereas de-differentiation might be a consequence of such early changes.
However, it was not clear whether the increase in oligodendrocyte loss was a primary effect of the absence of Gas6, or whether it was secondary to the increase in microglial numbers.
This supports that autophagy triggered by IFNB1 was a primary effect rather than a secondary stress-induced survival response.
Certainly the evolution of premating isolation is a primary effect of sexual divergence (reviewed (Coyne and Orr, 1998)).
More suggestions(15)
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
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