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Based on these observations, we ruled out mitochondrial ROS to be a major inducer of NF-κB target genes under these conditions.
Leptin may be a major inducer of the possible compensatory responses of adipose tissue at intact depots or regrowth of the fat mass at aspirated depots.
Thus, the failure of mitochondrial biogenesis (i.e., reduction of respiratory function) can be a major inducer of premature aging in mtDNA [ 17].
TGF- β, which is often expressed by macrophages and tumor cells themselves, was thought to be a major inducer of AGM in the fibroblasts.
Reactive oxidative stress, a byproduct of oxidative phosphorylation during aerobic metabolism, has been considered to be a major inducer of genomic mutations [ 116], so hypoxic conditions or compounds that suppress oxidative phosphorylation might reduce the genomic instability of iPSCs.
Apoptosis or programmed cell death can be induced by multiple insults which proceeds through the mitochondrial pathway – mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) in which cytochrome c appears to be a major inducer of the entire cascade though the activation of caspase-9 and -3 [ 12].
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IL12B gene expression is a major inducer of IFNγ and IL12-p40 is required for IFNγ-induced protection from Mtb.
Chronic hyperglycemia that in part can result from glucose intolerance induced by long-term consumption of fructose is a major inducer of vascular complications in diabetes (e.g., heart disease, stroke, blindness, and end-stage renal failure) which are responsible for disabilities and high mortality rates in patients with diabetes.
The pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β is a major inducer of astrogliosis via the NF-κB signaling pathway30,56,57; thus, cultured cells were stimulated by rrIL-1β for 4 h.
An intriguing target is the agr quorum-sensing system, which is a major inducer of virulence in CA-MRSA upon activation by agr-encoded staphylococcal autoinducing peptides (AIPs).
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) is a major inducer of EMT [4], [8] and is secreted by various cells including infiltrating immune cells [9], [10].
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