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While the virtual can never be a direct substitute for the physical, tools like Periscope can help to capture the golden moments of breaking news by helping journalists establish an authentic developing narrative.
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"It is going to be difficult to argue that Atlantic City is a direct substitute".
Thanks to its peg, the Hong Kong dollar is a direct substitute for the American one.
No one is saying they are a direct substitute for Word or Excel, but they do have a distinct advantage.
If each telemedicine consultation was a direct substitute for an outpatient consultation, then the tele-ENT service was cost-saving.
"There may be strong arguments for introducing the new NLW, but it should not be considered a direct substitute for benefits and tax credits aimed at lower income households," it explained.
It must be clear that such data is not a direct substitute for prospectively collected data.
For example, a real-time release method, which is considered a direct substitute for a traditional laboratory release method, is a high-impact method, and changes to the method would be expected to capture the performance attributes critical to the CQA.
"For the average user, mobile is not a direct substitute for fixed line and broadcast – it's a complement to them," says Dunne. "It is the last 15 minutes of the football and I want to catch it because I'm not going to get home in time.
This highlights that while the pig is a valuable model for developing and testing surgical procedures, it is not a direct substitute for human studies.
This implies that patient-by-proxy HRQoL values should be interpreted with caution and not be used as a direct substitute for patient self-assessment, even when patients are no longer able meaningfully assess themselves.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com