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Small clutch sizes may be a derived character for tropidurines, as has been suggested by Vitt et al. [24] and reinforced by Kiefer et al. [41].
This resembles egg deposition as assumed for the groundplan of Holometabola and Hymenoptera; however, it might also be a derived character.
When continuous colony growth is assumed to be the primary type of nest dynamics [ 28], then reproduction in discrete broods separated by activity breaks might be assumed to be a derived character.
It implies, as previously proposed [ 15], that turtles experienced a secondary closure of the temporal fenestration, which therefore appears to be a derived character, rather than a reflection of the ancestral condition, as has long been assumed.
The case becomes stronger in the hypothetical example when a bird cannot live at all without the nest (of course, this could only be a derived character from a previous evolutionary stage).
The long raptorial appendages of some later thylacocephalans, which contrast with the short limbs in the Silurian form, also appear to be a derived character, as other younger forms retain relatively short raptorial appendages [ 6].
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We now recognize that a "rope-ladder" ventral nerve cord with segmental commissures joining the ganglia (masses of neural tissue that are arranged one pair per segment in arthropods) is a derived character of arthropods alone (Mayer and Harzsch 2007, 2008).
The characteristic maternal mouthbrooding behavior displayed by haplochromines is believed to being a derived character state [ 35, 46, 47].
This is consistent with the hypothesis, based on character distribution in extant basalmost angiosperms, that the antiraphal bundle is a derived character in the angiosperm seed [ 6, 51].
Zygomatic arch ligament An unfused zygomatic arch is a derived character that distinguishes pilosans from most other mammals (Naples, 1999), but is plesiomorphic within the group.
In silkworm, the dominant arm in mir-33 is 3′ (Jagadeeswaran et al. 2010), suggesting that the Drosophila arm usage is a derived character.
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