Our study suggests that neopterin and KTR are independent risk factors for low BMD, but it remains unclear as to whether this is mediated directly by these metabolites, or whether IFN-γ-mediated inflammation and bone degradation are stimulated by a common causal factor through separate mechanisms.
Another interpretation would be a logical implication to state that B is already logically implicit in A. This interpretation means that it is a logical consequence that a common causal structure implies a common property to obtain (ceteris paribus).
When full data for both traits are available, colocalisation may be tested by examining whether coefficients from regressions of each trait against two or more SNPs are proportional, as they should be if those SNPs jointly tag a common causal variant [Plagnol et al., 2009; Wallace et al., 2012].
Association with common genetic variants or haplotypes in ADHD has so far been interpreted to mean that a common causal variant exists that confers a small genetic risk for ADHD.
Although changes in physical and cognitive functioning are almost universal in older adulthood, there is debate in the literature regarding the nature and degree of interdependency across these domains and whether a common causal mechanism is responsible for declines in both.
Furthermore, attribution of diabetes to stress is a very common causal point of view in most Latin American populations [ 34].
The criteria relate to the patterns among observational studies that one ought to expect if a common causal effect were operating but, independently, do not demonstrate causation.
Statistical evidence that the T1D and expression signals colocalize, i.e. are compatible with the hypothesis of a common causal variant, would help prioritize a particular gene as potentially causal in T1D and justify further exploration of the relevant physiological pathway.
Assuming we have an upper bound on the number of causal variants is a common procedure in fine-mapping methods (Hormozdiari et al., 2014; Kichaev et al., 2014).
Personal hygiene stands at the intersection of many causal explanations, and is a common way informants attempt to lessen the risks of sexual relations they may not be in a position to avoid.
