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If the White House follows through with plans to curtail Chinese scientists' involvement in intelligence and military-related research, there could be a chilling effect on US innovation.
"We talked a lot about whether there would be a chilling effect," said Philip Livingston, chief executive of Financial Executives Institute.
So instead of a climate of pervasive fear, there will be a chilling effect at the margins of political discourse, mostly affecting groups and opinions considered disreputable already.
Apart from that, Appleby says there could be a chilling effect on ministers wanting the solicitor general's advice if they have to get Brandis approval and signature to do so.
"There could, in my view, be a chilling effect if, in the end of all this, you have a screenwriter or a director called before an investigating committee," Mr. Dodd said.
With the prospect that such admissions could come back to haunt defendants in other cases, legal experts say, there could be a chilling effect on the banks and hedge funds that regulators seek to punish.
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What is a chilling effect?
"There's a chilling effect," she said.
"There is a chilling effect on free speech at issue here," said Donna Lieberman, the executive director of the group.
Although, in the end, there were zero convictions for voter fraud, there was a chilling effect as lives were ruined, jobs lost, and a hard lesson on the costs of voting made abundantly clear.
"There is a chilling effect on those industries," he said, "because there is not, in most jurisdictions, a well-understood or bright-line definition of what is and is not the practice of law".
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com