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Haugeland (2002) makes the similar point that an implementation will be a causal process that reliably carries out the operations and they must be the right causal powers.
Accordingly, the process in the original case must be a causal process too, even though it does not exhibit a causal dependence.
To begin with, a process may be a causal process even if it does not in fact transmit any mark, as long as it is true that if it were appropriately marked, it would transmit the mark.
Having the property of "occurring after a certain time" (Sober, 1987, p. 254),or the property of "being the shadow of a scratched car" (Kitcher, 1989, p. 638) or the property of "being closer to the Harbour Bridge than to the Opera House" (Dowe, 1992b, sec. 2.2) can qualify a shadow to be a causal process.
Colors in the air, for example, do not make the air really colored: we see colors in the objects around us but not in the intervening air, although they must be there spiritually if sensation is to be a causal process.
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Briefly, causes always precede their effects; perception is a causal process, in that to perceive something is to be causally affected by it; therefore we can only perceive earlier events, never later ones.
The reason is a causal process.
Natural selection is a causal process.
Thus, by II, the shadow is a causal process.
Such an inference — as opposed to an "inference in itself" or an argument — is a causal process, to be clear.
For example, the phase velocity of a wave packet is a pseudo process but the group velocity is a causal process; yet both licence reliable predictions.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com