However, this role is likely to be a causal one, rather than part of an analysis of what it is for music to be emotionally expressive.
This claim would be contested however by those like Smith who take the explanatory relation between motivating reasons and actions to be a causal one, for as Dancy acknowledges (2000, 161), explanations that are non-factive cannot be causal.
And second, as our design is cross-sectional, we are unable to assess whether the association between restricted standard of living and poorer psychological well-being is a causal one, and must be left for future research.
However, if the association is a causal one, it seems that high caffeine consumption has a higher impact on headache prevalence than previously reported in Vågå in Norway, indicating a prevalence of caffeine-withdrawal headache of only 0.4%[11]].
In the case described here, the close temporal relationship between oxytocin administration and bronchospasm and laryngeal stridor, and the rapid abatement of symptoms following oxytocin withdrawal suggest that the relation was a causal one and that the patient had suffered an anaphylactoid reaction.
The theory of reference Putnam uses as a premise is a causal one, which states that 'one cannot refer to certain kinds of things, e.g., trees, if one has no causal interaction at all with them, or with things in terms of which they can be described' (Putnam 1981 16 177).
Times are related to each other things happen for a reason and the reason is not a causal one.
Finally, as this is an observational study we must acknowledge the possibility that the described relationship between MMT and ART discontinuation is not a causal one.
This work provides the strongest evidence yet produced that this relationship is indeed a causal one.
Such a situation makes it highly likely that the statistical relationship found is, indeed, a causal one.
A statistical association between two variables is also a causal one if the path that emanates from the first variable (cause) and arrives at the other variable (effect) only travels in the direction of the arrows (e.g., A to F in Figure 1A), assuming the DAG is correctly constructed.
