In other tests, however, the digital technology performed well.America's navy and air force tend to see a battlespace as a big open space containing either friends, to be protected, or enemies, to be destroyed.
A force led by the Saudis, with likely contributions from the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain, will, in Syria, find themselves in the same battlespace for the first time as the Iranians and Shia militias.
Honduras is often referred to as "downrange"; drug traffickers are "the enemy"; the Mosquito Coast is a "battlespace".
Just beyond the fence around the base's perimeter was the shifting map of La Moskitia — "the battlespace," a U.S. Army officer had called it.
It is an ambitious program that the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, or Darpa, calls Plan X, and the public description talks about "understanding the cyber battlespace," quantifying "battle damage" and working in Darpa's "cyberwar laboratory".
He incorrectly states that "battlespace" is a term of cyberwar, when it actually is United States military jargon for any sort of battlefield, conventional or not.
But while drones are expanding the use of force beyond a traditional battlespace and changing the very concept of war itself, there is still no comprehensive, consistent set of ideas governing their use.
"Obviously the internet will be part of that battlespace, with plans to flood Iraqi servers with propaganda and disinformation".
But the biggest problem will be protecting the new submarines from emerging technologies that already promise to revolutionise the underwater battlespace.
Clearly, Africa will become a battlespace in the war against a loosely allied grouping of terrorists fired by the zeal of Islamist fundamentalism and simmering resentment against Western colonial exploitation.
"The scramble went exactly as planned, we launched our Typhoon aircraft quickly and then using our advanced sensors and mission systems, combined with support from our battlespace managers on the ground, carried out textbook intercepts of the three aircraft".
