Solids had equal residence times during batch and flowthrough pretreatment, however soluble compounds had a very short residence time, 0.15 min, during flowthrough pretreatment.
To better understand how lignin is altered, Populus trichocarpa x P. deltoides wood samples and cellulolytic enzyme lignin (CEL) isolated from P. trichocarpa x P. deltoides were subjected to batch and flowthrough pretreatments.
In order to investigate lignin behavior during pretreatment, Populus trichocarpa x P. deltoides wood samples and cellulolytic enzyme lignin (CEL) isolated from P. trichocarpa x P. deltoides were subjected to batch and flowthrough hydrothermal pretreatment.
The sulfuric acid addition increased the rate of xylan removal for flowthrough systems.
Levan production in batch and continuous fermentation systems by Z. mobilis B-14023 was also investigated recently [ 129].
Production of microalgae biomass can be carried out by three different types of culture systems such as batch, semi-batch, and continuous systems.
In the flowthrough system, elevated temperature and addition of dilute acid were found to lead to cleavage of primarily C O C as well as C C linkages in lignin, and effective solubilization of lignin derivatives into the aqueous phase with mild modification of lignin aromatic structures.
The flowthrough system prevented severe condensation reactions that occur in batch reactors [ 41, 42].
A high-pressure pump (Acuflow Series III Pumps, Fisher, Pittsburgh, PA, USA) with a flow rate range of 0 to 100 mL/minute, a pressure gauge (pressure range 0 to 1500 psi; Cole-Parmer Instrument Co., IL, USA), and a back-pressure regulator (Valve and Fitting Co., WA, USA) are used to control the flowthrough system.
The crabs were individually housed in a flowthrough system at an ambient water temperature of 24°C, and fed a commercial diet (Ebistar, Higashimaru, Japan) twice daily.
