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All gaps were filled by designing new primers on the basis of sequences obtained from PCR products (Additional file 1).
Gene-specific primers were designed on the basis of sequences obtained for selected Tribolium genes and the 18S rRNA gene served as the endogenous control (normalizer).
A total of 28 gene-specific primer pairs (see Additional file 2 for primer information) were designed on the basis of sequences obtained for selected T. ni genes known to be involved in immune response in other insect species or were based on proteins identified as immune-responsive in our protein expression experiments.
Although on the basis of sequences obtained from their amplicons, TTSS2 genes in PMA339 seem to have independently evolved from the pandemic strain over a considerable time, they are still more closely related to the TTSS2 of V. parahaemolyticus than to those recently found in non-O1 or non-O139 V. cholerae (14 ).
An aliquot of these reactions (2 μl) was then directly used as template in all PCR reactions in the presence of 100 pmol each of specific primers designed on the basis of sequences obtained from the Ah transcriptome [ 30] (see Additional file 12).
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Gene-specific primers were designed on the basis of sequence obtained for selected T. ni genes and several additional genes as potential housekeeping genes to serve as the endogenous control (normalizer).
Allele numbers for each locus were assigned on the basis of comparison of sequences obtained here to those deposited at the public MLST database (http://pubmlst.org/calbicans/).org/calbicans/
On the basis of nucleotide sequences obtained, the pairs of species-specific primers were designed for each species studied.
A new 5' primer was designed on the basis of the sequences obtained (5'-ACCTGGAGTGCCGTAGGCTGTCCTTCTTG-3') and used to clone the remainder of the 5'end under the same conditions.
5'-RACE PCR was performed according to instruction manual using gene specific primers designed on the basis of the sequences obtained by 3'-RACE.
The miR-143-specific forward primer sequence was 5′-TGAGATGAAGCACTGTAGCTC-3′ and was designed on the basis of miRNA sequences obtained from the miRBase database.
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