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We agree with Judge Ely that comment on a defendant's failure to testify cannot be labeled harmless error in a case where such comment is extensive, where an inference of guilt from silence is stressed to the jury as a basis of conviction, and where there is evidence that could have supported acquittal.
Developmental trajectories of criminal activity were defined on the basis of conviction records through age 40, and these were used to predict self-report measures of life failure at age 48 obtained during personal interviews.
And that, ultimately, is what a true meritocracy is all about: Allowing people to work their way up the career ladder on the basis of conviction and contributions, not who you happen to know or be related to by birth.
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Although confessions extracted through torture are technically inadmissible in court, legal experts say the police frequently rely on heavy-handed tactics to win the confessions that often form the basis of convictions.
The Guardian reported last year that hundreds of children, some as young as 10, who were born or who grew up in the UK were having their applications for British citizenship denied on the basis of convictions for crimes such as petty theft.
In some cases, children who were born in the UK have been turned down on the basis of convictions for crimes as trivial as petty theft, with even offences that are punished with a caution or a fine considered serious enough to warrant their rejection.
The statement said that Prosecutor General Yuriy Chaika must by 1 April conduct a "review of the legality and basis of convictions of Russian citizens" including Khodorkovsky and his co-accused Platon Lebedev.
Still, blame for the sudden spell of softness and the basis of convictions the housing market may be at risk of tipping from deceleration to decline goes to "four horsemen" of upward pressures on house prices, each dealing blows to a recovery that's been tentative and halting at best.
The grounds of his charge are, in substance, that the sole basis of his conviction was perjured testimony, which was knowingly used by the prosecuting authorities in order to obtain that conviction, and also that these authorities deliberately suppressed evidence which would have impeached and refuted the testimony thus given against him.
The question for this Court is whether the Fifth Amendment, as applied to the States by the Fourteenth Amendment, permits the present conviction to stand in light of the substance of the compelled testimony and the nature and basis of that conviction.
Perjury was not even the basis of the conviction.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com