On the basis of available sequences, strains from Japan differ only slightly from influenza A(H5N8) viruses from Europe, suggesting that the common ancestor of this new H5N8 subtype variant likely emerged in Asia before recently spreading to Europe.
For HMPV, the existence of different genetic lineages has been described on the basis of variation in a limited set of available sequences.
On the basis of all available sequences of isolates from the neighboring countries where CHIKV is endemic, Thailand and Indonesia, the outbreak in Malaysia likely did not originate from either of these countries, which means the outbreak could have originated from an endemic CHIKV cycle not previously identified in Malaysia.
These sense-antisense transcripts were identified on the basis of available cDNA sequences as [ 10].
For the amplification of ZFYLI, ALB3, IRBP3, TNP2 and TTR1, new primers (Additional file 9) were designed on the basis of available primate sequences in GenBank.
A 953 bp fragment of mtDNA cytochrome b gene was amplified in 504 individuals, using primers designed on the basis of available mitochondrial sequences [GenBank Acc. No. GQ855708.1- GQ855739.1].
Atypical BSE cases were selected for this study solely on the basis of available DNA for PRNP sequencing and genotyping.
The overgo probes were available from the previous chicken and zebra finch genome projects [ 43, 44] or newly designed on the basis of available condor and chicken sequences (Additional file 2).
Therefore, 2 additional primer pairs for Onchocerca spp. identification were constructed, 1 for the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 gene (OND5fw 5′- ctcctgttagttgtttggttc-3′, OND5rev 5′- gcaaacccctaccaatagc-3′) and 1 for the 16S mitochondrial rRNA gene (O16fw 5′- gcgtgatggcataaaagtagc-3′, O16rev 5′- caaccctgttaactccggag-3′), on the basis of available Onchocerca spp. sequences (7, 8 ).
