They based their theory of a "creative explosion" on evidence like the magnificent cave paintings in Lascaux and Chauvet.
Brumer and Shapiro base their theory around the most fundamental of all quantum-mechanical phenomena--the two-slit experiment.
Carbon and Hesslinger base their theory on side-by-side comparisons of "Mona Lisa" and her Prado counterpart -- a painting introduced to the public back in 2012 as the possible work of Leonardo or one of his students.
Many of the examples on which they based their theories were large, successful Japanese companies.
Earlier astronomers had based their theories on the older Ptolemaic idea of hierarchies of circular orbits and uniform motion.
They based their theories on an ideal world where people acted as "rational agents," exploiting any opportunity to increase their pleasure or benefit.
For most of its history, astronomy was a strictly observational science, and earlier astrophysicists based their theories largely on what astronomers could see.
Mr. Braun said his staff had met at the museum with a colloquium of scientists who "have based their theories on simulations run all over the world that are intended to track how these phenomena would behave".
By the late 19th century, positivists were dominating international jurisprudence, largely because they avoided the problem, characteristic of natural-law theorists, of confusing international morality with international law and because they based their theories on the actual practice of states.
Not long after their encounter, a leading fire investigator, Dr. Gerald Hurst, completed his review of the original investigation and concluded, as other leading fire investigators would in the years to come, that there was no scientific basis to determine that Willingham had set the fire, and that the original fire investigators had based their theories on discredited methods.
