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Educational level was divided into three categories, based on the CASMIN-classification [ 44]: 1) inadequately completed general education, general elementary education or basic vocational qualification; 2) intermediate qualification or general maturity certificate; 3) lower or higher tertiary education.
The highest education grade was described according to the international CASMIN classification in three groups: 1) inadequately completed general education, general elementary education or basic vocational qualification, 2) intermediate qualification or general maturity certificate, and 3) lower or higher tertiary education [ 21].
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Survey data from 1991 and 1999 show that the worthwhile returns to workers come from higher-level qualifications, rather than the sort of basic vocational ones the government is willing to endorse (see chart)—those deemed equivalent to GCSEs.
"With the diverse range of careers in the retail industry, we need our young staff to not only have basic vocational skills but also have a wide range of qualifications before they can start on the job".
The vocational qualification I'd now completed had got me into it.
A foundation degree is a work-based vocational qualification that can lead to an undergraduate degree.
national vocational qualification.
qualification structure (employment of workers without formal vocational qualification).
"Earning a Ph.D. is not a vocational qualification anymore," says Metcalfe.
In Model 1b, we observe that the disadvantage of dropouts without pre-tertiary vocational qualifications is significant, compared to dropouts with a pre-tertiary vocational qualification.
Also, a measure of the qualification structure (1 = employment workers without formal vocational qualification, 0 = no employment of workers without formal qualification) is included in the estimates.
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