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It utilizes the long-range electrostatic interaction between the negative surface charges of the mellalofullerenol (i.e. Gd3+@[C82(OH)22]3− in our simulation) and the basic residues (such as K21 or R27) on the WW domain surface33.
Similarly, in lower animals (invertebrates) basic residues such as lysine and arginine are found at one position, while the next two components are characterized predominantly by the presence of ionizable-acidic residues.
Previous study on heparin-binding domain (24) indicated its constitution of basic residues such as Lys, Arg and His.
Basic residues such as K253, R254, R259, and the polar N257, on the other hand, show continuous main-chain electron density but the exposed side chains are disordered.
Indeed, in addition to aromatic side chains (Tyr10), several aliphatic (Ref. 81) and basic residues such as His13 have been implicated in GM1 Aβ interactions (Ref. 83).
C2-L1Tc has two C2H2 zinc-finger motifs [ 22] flanked by domains enriched in basic residues such as RRR and RRRKEK.
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Considering that the pKa value of the tyrosine group is approximately 10, the reduced pKa value of the wtFPPS enzyme might correspond to an interaction of the Tyr204 residue with an adjacent basic residue such as Arg60 or Arg112.
If the ionization step in FPPS catalysis progresses via removal of a negative charge from the allylic pyrophosphate [13], formation of a tyrosinate ion, derived from the interaction of the OH group of Tyr with the basic Arg residues (such as Arg112/Arg60) in the vicinity could accelerate the reaction.
The deduced amino acid sequence of apoptin was found to contain 15% basic amino acid residues such as arginine (R) and lysine (K).
In general, the C-terminus amino acid sequence is rich in basic amino acid residues, such as arginine and lysine, and resembles the structure of a mammalian DNA binding protein, protamine [ 16, 17].
Approximately 18% rare E. coli codons are presented in PiCV cap gene, and most of rare codons are basic amino acid residues, such as lysine (K) and arginine (R) and are presented near the 5'-end of the cap gene.
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