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Smoking declined 5.9 and 1.8% among men and women with basic education, compared to 10.1 and 7.1% among high educated.
While the gender gap has narrowed worldwide, girls remain underrepresented and are less likely to complete their basic education compared to boys.
Higher prevalence rates exist for both smoking and snus use among those with basic education compared to those with mid-level and higher education.
Similarly, 42% of the 60-year-old cohort had basic education, compared to 11% of the 40-year-old cohort (Table 1).
Ethnicity and race: In 1997 in Bulgaria, 16 per cent of population of the minority Roma had not completed basic education, compared to three per cent of the overall population.
The prevalence of obesity at baseline was twofold higher among participants with basic education compared to those with high education and nearly doubled in all groups during the 10-year period (Table 3).
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An increased likelihood of quitting in 2009 was observed among the following female groups: those with middle (2.78; 1.48, 5.21) or university-level (2.73; 1.38, 5.40) education compared to a basic, and the disabled (3.42; 1.23, 9.52) compared to the employed.
During 1990 2007, the prevalences of physically active behaviour were consistently higher in men and women with high education compared to those with basic education (Table 2).
Estimated at about 2-10% of the Congolese people, indigenous people have very limited access to basic social services such as health and education compared to other citizens and face discrimination and marginalization.
The absolute difference between the numbers of participants with basic education compared with university education agreeing with this belief was very high (57 and 34%), suggesting that fear of cancer treatment is a particular issue in socioeconomically disadvantaged communities, an observation reported by Gansler et al. (2005).
Thus, in 2007 smoking was three-fold more prevalent among men and women with basic education as compared to those with high education.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com