For decades, Islamabad has spent far too little on basic maintenance, drainage and distribution canals, new water storage and hydropower plants.
Where basic facilities – roads, drainage, power supply – are lacking, adaptation measures could be counter-productive and completely ineffective.
After a heavy rainstorm crippled the subway system in September 2004, an investigation laid the blame on New York City Transit, saying that the agency had neglected basic maintenance of its drainage system, and that once the tunnels started to fill with water, the response was haphazard and ineffective.
Such basic information on the drainage structure of an area can be valuable for site-specific hydrologic assessments but also has significant implications for critical loads assessment, as low runoff systems tend to be less buffered and therefore are more sensitive to acidification.
The measurement of basic parameters of the drainage basin viz., length, area, number of streams and perimeter of the sub basins is done with the software.
With the continued emergence of CA-MRSA, the clinical management of skin and soft tissue infections has returned to the basic principles of surgical drainage and debulking, wound culture, and the use of older antimicrobial agents other than β-lactams (34 ).
Both growers stressed the absolute basics: lavender needs good drainage and sweet soil, which means adding lime and plenty of compost to clay-based soils.
Drainage provides a basic to understand initial gradient, variation in rock resistance, structural control, geological and geomorphologic history of the drainage basin or watershed.
This means millions still live in temporary structures without electricity, running water, drainage or other basic amenities, like my parents did for many years in Kenya.
