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Both aspects, namely system-detectable error (highlighted by Bickhard) and referential opacity (emphasized by Dennett), have been discussed as possible bases for causal relevance of content as content.
This process is likely to be difficult because different disciplines may rely on different bases for causal inference, notions of impact, measurement systems, and theoretical frameworks.
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The majority of the papers (94.2%) provided theoretical bases for their causal and correlation assumptions, while the remaining did not (Table 1).
Thus, the evidence-base for a causal relationship between symptomatic primary hip and knee OA and occupational mechanical exposures would be enhanced by studies (preferably longitudinal) using quantitative measures of generic exposures that are assessed independently of the musculoskeletal symptom status of the participants.
This paper proposes empirical likelihood based inference methods for causal effects identified from regression discontinuity designs.
A distinction can be made between aesthetic or intuitive perception in holistic biology and in daily life, and reductionistic scientific perception based on the search for causal mechanisms.
In their approach, pairs of traits that share multiple QTLs are tested for causal orientation based on independence conditioned on the genotypes of the shared QTLs.
Reports about an assumed causal relationship between medication or drug use (DSM-5 mentions "e.g., cocaine, methamphetamine") and first onset of tics are very scarce and have to be questioned in view of the waxing and waning of tics that is an obstacle for causal conclusions based on single case reports or case series (see Fig. 1).
The second one is based on the central limit theorem for causal functions.
The second one is based on the central limit theorem for causal functions [12].
Selection of cancer types for causal diagrams was based on the corpus of available data and reported relative risk (RR).
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